The Ultimate Guide to Common Paediatric ENT Conditions

A child’s ear, nose, and throat (ENT) health plays a vital role in their daily functioning and long-term development. For example, untreated ear infections can delay speech, while sleep apnoea may cause daytime fatigue and affect learning.

If not addressed promptly, ENT problems can have lasting effects. Early intervention by an ENT specialist can mitigate these risks, helping children thrive both physically and emotionally.

Common Paediatric ENT Conditions

Children are often susceptible to ENT issues due to their developing anatomy and immune systems. Common conditions among children include:

Ear Infection (Otitis Media)

Otitis media develops when fluid accumulates behind the eardrum, often after a cold, providing a breeding ground for bacteria.

Symptoms:

• Pulling or tugging at the ears

• Not responding to speech or quiet sounds

• Excessive crying

• Fever

• Fluid drainage from the ear

Hearing Loss

Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent and may significantly impact speech and language development. It can range in severity from mild to profound.

Symptoms:

• Difficulty understanding speech and sounds in noisy environments

• Needing to turn up the volume on electronic devices

• Asking others to repeat themselves often

• Not responding when called or spoken to

• Speaking loudly or unclearly

• Difficulty following instructions

Sore Throat (Tonsillitis)

Tonsillitis, a common cause of sore throat, is inflammation of the tonsils, often due to viral or bacterial infections.

Symptoms:

• Red, swollen tonsils

• White or yellow coating on the tonsils

• Painful swallowing

• Fever

• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

• Bad breath

• Drooling or refusal to eat (in young children unable to describe symptoms)

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is the inflammation or infection of the sinuses, often following a cold or allergic reaction. Because children’s sinuses are still developing, they may be more vulnerable to these infections.

Symptoms:

• Nasal Congestion

• Facial discomfort around the cheeks, forehead or between the eyes

• A dull headache or facial pain

• Reduced sense of smell or taste

• Persistent cough, especially at night

• Unexplained bad breath

• Fever

• Sensitivity or aching in the teeth

Rhinitis

Rhinitis refers to inflammation of the nasal passages. In children, it is often triggered by allergies such as dust mites, pollen or pet dander.

Symptoms:

• Sneezing

• Runny nose

• Itchy nose, throat, eyes or ears

• Nasal congestion

• Watery eyes

• Nosebleeds

• Dark circles under the eyes (allergic shiners)

Sleep Apnoea

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) occurs when a child’s breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep due to airway blockage. It is often linked to enlarged tonsils or adenoids.

Symptoms:

• Loud snoring, breathing pauses or gasping sounds during sleep

• Restless sleep 

• Bedwetting

• Daytime fatigue

• Behavioural changes

• Poor concentration and hyperactivity

When Should You Bring Your Child to a ENT Specialist?

Parents should bring their children to an ENT specialist if they experience any of the following symptoms:

• Frequent or severe nosebleeds

May point to allergies or nasal structure issues.

• Hearing concerns or delayed speech

May signal chronic ear problems or hearing loss.

• Persistent runny nose or sinus infections

May be caused by allergies or chronic sinusitis.

• Frequent sore throat

May stem from tonsil infections.

• Loud snoring

Especially if accompanied by breathing pauses—this may indicate sleep apnoea.

• Ongoing congestion or allergy symptoms

A specialist can offer allergy testing or targeted treatment.

If these symptoms persist despite general treatment, an ENT specialist can provide a more accurate diagnosis and tailored care plan.

Ways to Prevent Paediatric ENT Conditions from Developing

Preventing paediatric ENT (ear, nose, and throat) conditions involves a combination of proactive measures that support your child’s overall health and immune defences. Here are the key strategies:

• Maintain Good Hygiene

Teach regular hand washing and covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing. These habits reduce the spread of germs that cause infections.

• Foster Healthy Lifestyle Habits

A well-balanced diet, daily activity, and enough rest help strengthen your child’s immune system, making them more resilient against infections.

• Recognise and Manage Your Child's Allergies

If your child has known allergies, reduce exposure to triggers like dust mites, pollen or pet dander. Discuss treatment options with your doctor or an allergist, if necessary.

• Ensure Timely Vaccination for Your Child

Vaccinations play a crucial role in preventing diseases that can lead to ENT complications. 

• Maintain Proper Ear Care

Avoid inserting objects into your child’s ears. After swimming or bathing, dry ears gently to prevent moisture buildup that could lead to infection.

• Get Regular Check-Ups

Routine visits with your child’s doctor or an ENT specialist can help detect issues early.

If your child shows signs of persistent ENT issues, prompt action is key. Contact Dr Valerie Tay at Aspire ENT Clinic for a consultation to safeguard your child’s ENT health. Early attention can make all the difference in your child’s comfort, health and development.